Clonazepam uses

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It's used to control seizures or fits due to epilepsy, involuntary muscle spasms, panic disorder and sometimes restless legs syndrome.

Clonazepam is available on prescription only. It comes as tablets and as a liquid that you swallow.

Clonazepam works by increasing levels of a calming chemical in your brain. This can relieve anxiety, stop seizures and fits or relax tense muscles.

The most common side effect is feeling sleepy (drowsy) during the daytime.

Clonazepam is not likely to be addictive if you take it for a short time (2 to 4 weeks).

If you take clonazepam for more than 2 to 4 weeks, your dose will need to be reduced gradually before you stop taking it.

Do not drink alcohol while taking clonazepam. There's a risk you can sleep very deeply and you may have trouble waking up.

Who can and cannot take clonazepam

Clonazepam tablets and liquid can be taken by adults aged 18 years and over.

It can also be taken by children from 1 month old for epilepsy.

It's not suitable for everyone.

To make sure it's safe for you, tell your doctor before starting clonazepam if you:

have had an allergic reaction to clonazepam or any other medicine in the past

have myasthenia gravis, a condition that causes muscle weakness

have sleep apnoea, a condition that causes breathing problems when you're asleep

have lung, liver or kidney problems

have spinal or cerebellar ataxia (where you may become shaky and unsteady and have slurred speech)

have (or have had) problems with alcohol or drugs

have recently had a loss or bereavement, depression or thoughts of harming yourself or suicide

have been diagnosed with a personality disorder

are trying to get pregnant, are already pregnant or breastfeeding

are going to have a general anaesthetic for an operation or dental treatment

How and when to take it

It's important to take clonazepam exactly as your doctor tells you to.

You'll usually start on a low dose and gradually increase it over 2 to 4 weeks until your doctor thinks the dose is the right dose.

Your doctor will tell you if you need to take clonazepam in 1 dose or split your dose so you take it up to 3 times each day. Ask a doctor or pharmacist if you're not sure how to take it.

The usual dose for:

epilepsy in adults – the starting dose is 1mg taken at night (increasing to 4mg to 8mg over 2 to 4 weeks)

epilepsy in children – the dose varies depending on their age. It will be increased gradually over 2 to 4 weeks

involuntary muscle spasms (adults) – the starting dose is 1mg taken at night (increasing to 4mg to 8mg over 2 to 4 weeks)

panic disorder – 1mg to 2mg each day

restless legs syndrome – 500 micrograms to 2mg each day

If you're older than 65 or have kidney, liver or severe breathing problems, your doctor may recommend a lower dose.

Take clonazepam tablets with a drink of water. You can take the tablets or liquid with or without food.

What if I forget to take it?

If you forget to take your clonazepam, take it as soon as you remember, unless it's nearly time for your next dose.

In this case, just leave out the missed dose and take your next dose as usual.

Never take 2 doses at the same time. Never take an extra dose to make up for a forgotten one.

If you forget doses often, it may help to set an alarm to remind you.

You could also ask a pharmacist for advice on other ways to remember your medicines.

What if I take too much?

The amount of clonazepam that can lead to an overdose varies from person to person.

If you take too much clonazepam, you may get symptoms including:

poor coordination or trouble speaking

feeling sleepy

a slow or irregular heartbeat

uncontrolled eye movements

muscle weakness

feeling overexcited

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Looz Syrup - Uses

Looz syrup

Looz syrup is an effective medicine to treat chronic constipation. It is also used to prevent the effect of liver failure on the brain by removing certain toxic chemicals from the blood.

This drug is used by mouth or rectally to treat or prevent complications of liver disease (hepatic encephalopathy). It does not cure the problem, but may help to improve mental status. Lactulose is a colonic acidifier that works by decreasing the amount of ammonia in the blood. It is a man-made sugar solution.

How to use Lactulose
If you are taking this medication by mouth for liver disease, take it usually 3-4 times a day or as directed by your doctor. To improve the taste, you may mix it into fruit juice, water, milk, or a soft dessert. The goal is to have 2-3 soft stools each day. Dosage is based on your medical condition and response to therapy (i.e., the number of soft stools each day).

If you are taking this medication by mouth for constipation, take it usually once daily or as directed by your doctor.

This medication can also be given rectally as an enema for liver disease. Mix the recommended amount of lactulose with 700 milliliters (24 ounces) of water or normal saline. Give the solution into the rectum and keep the liquid inside for 30-60 minutes as directed by your doctor. If you keep the enema inside for less than 30 minutes, repeat the dose unless directed otherwise.

Use this medication regularly in order to get the most benefit from it. Remember to use it at the same time each day.

When this drug is given rectally for liver disease, an improvement in your mental status may occur in as little as 2 hours, but if you are taking this medication by mouth, it may take up to 24 to 48 hours. If you are using this medication for constipation, it may take up to 48 hours to have a bowel movement. Inform your doctor if your condition persists or worsens.
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Haloperidol Tablets :- Uses

 

Haloperidol Tablets contain the active ingredient haloperidol, which belongs to a class of drugs called neuroleptics. It improves the symptoms of:
• Major mental disorders (schizophrenia, paranoia, mania and hypomania)
• Behavioral or mental disorders, including those with mental retardation, such as aggression, hyperactivity and self-mutilation
• Moderate to severe restlessness with mental distress, excitement, violent or dangerous impulsive behavior
• Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome and severe tic movements
• Restlessness and agitation in elderly patients
• Childhood behavior disorders, especially with associated hyper activity and aggression
• Anxiety (used short term).

BEFORE YOU TAKE HALOPERIDOL TABLETS

DO NOT take Haloperidol Tablets if
• You know that you are allergic to haloperidol or any of the other ingredients of Haloperidol Tablets (see section 6 of this leaflet)
• You are suffering from a brain disorder causing tremors, rigidity and slowing of movement (Parkinson’s disease)
• You have recently had a heart attack, have severe heart failure or are being treated for an abnormal heart rhythm
• You suffer from unusually slow heartbeat
• Your doctor tells you that the level of potassium in your blood is too low
• You suffer from a lesion that affects a specific part of the brain (called the basal ganglia)
• You are suffering from depression of the central nervous system, which can result in decreased rate of breathing, decreased pulse rate, decreased alertness to loss of consciousness.
Haloperidol should not be given to patients who are in a coma.

Take special care with Haloperidol Tablets if

• You have a liver or kidney problem
• you suffer from high blood pressure due to a tumour near the kidney (a condition known as phaeochromocytoma)
• You have problems with your thyroid gland.
• You have heart problem or anyone in your close family has died suddenly of heart problems
• You suffer from fits (epilepsy) or you have a condition that might lead to (convulsions) fits (such as brain damage or alcohol withdrawal)
• You or someone else in your family has a history of blood clots, as medicines like these have been associated with formation of blood clots
• You suffer from alcohol abuse
• You are elderly, as you may be more sensitive to the effects of haloperidol tablets
• You ever had bleeding in the brain, or your doctor has told you that you are more likely than other people to have a stroke
• You have lower than normal levels of minerals (electrolytes) in your blood
• You have not been eating properly
• You suffer from a mental disorder including schizophrenia. Withdrawal of Haloperidol tablets may be associated with withdrawal symptoms like nausea, vomiting, insomnia or recurrence of symptoms
• You are feeling depressed.
Even though some of the above may appear obvious, it is important that your doctor is aware if any of them apply to you.

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Ringer's lactate solution (RL)

Ringer's lactate solution (RL), also known as sodium lactate solution and Hartmann's solution, is a mixture of sodium chloride, sodium lactate, potassium chloride, and calcium chloride in water. It is used for replacing fluids and electrolytes in those who have low blood volume or low blood pressure. It may also be used to treat metabolic acidosis and to wash the eye following a chemical burn. It is given by injection into a vein or applied to the affected area.

Side effects may include allergic reactions, high blood potassium, volume overload, and high blood calcium. It may not be suitable for mixing with certain medications and some recommend against use in the same infusion as a blood transfusion.[4] Ringer's lactate solution has a lower rate of acidosis as compared with normal saline. Use is generally safe in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Ringer's lactate solution is in the crystalloid family of medication. It has the same tonicity as blood.

Medical uses

Ringer's lactate solution is very often used for fluid resuscitation after a blood loss due to trauma, surgery, or a burn injury. Ringer's lactate solution is used because the by-products of lactate metabolism in the liver counteract acidosis, which is a chemical imbalance that occurs with acute fluid loss or kidney failure.

The IV dose of Ringer's lactate solution is usually calculated by estimated fluid loss and presumed fluid deficit. For fluid resuscitation the usual rate of administration is 20 to 30 mL/kg body weight/hour. RL is not suitable for maintenance therapy (i.e., maintenance fluids) because the sodium content (130 mEq/L) is considered too low, particularly for children, and the potassium content (4 mEq/L) is too low, in view of electrolyte daily requirement. Moreover, since the lactate is converted into bicarbonate, long-term use will cause patients to become alkalotic. Ringer's lactate and other crystalloids are also used as vehicles for the IV delivery of medications.

In a large-volume resuscitation over several hours, LRS maintains a more stable blood pH than normal saline.

According to an April 2019 US NRC Medical Generic Communication, Medical use licensees that use Strontium-82/Rubidium-82 (Sr-82/Rb-82) generators to produce Rb-82 for cardiac imaging [be advised] there have been two incidents in different states since December 2018 with patients injected with Rb-82 contaminated with Sr-82 and Sr-85 from generators eluted with Ringer’s lactate solution instead of sterile saline. Ringer's lactate solution is a mixture of sodium chloride, sodium lactate, potassium chloride, and calcium chloride in water. The calcium in the Ringer’s lactate solution replaces the strontium on the generator column. This results in the strontium being washed off the column when it is eluted. Ringers lactate should never be used to elute an Rb-82/Sr-82 generator for this reason

Chemistry

One liter of Ringer's lactate solution contains:

130–131 mEq of sodium ion = 130 mmol L−1
109–111 mEq of chloride ion = 109 mmol L−1
28–29 mEq of lactate ion = 28 mmol L−1
4–5 mEq of potassium ion = 4 mmol L−1
2–3 mEq of calcium ion = 1.5 mmol L−1

Ringer's lactate has an osmolarity of 273 mOsm L−1[12] and a pH of 6.5.The lactate is metabolized into bicarbonate by the liver, which can help correct metabolic acidosis. Ringer's lactate solution alkalinizes via its consumption in the citric acid cycle, the generation of a molecule of carbon dioxide which is then excreted by the lungs. They increase the strong ion difference in solution, leading to proton consumption and an overall alkalinizing effect.

The solution is formulated to have concentrations of potassium and calcium that are similar to the ionized concentrations found in normal blood plasma. To maintain electrical neutrality, the solution has a lower level of sodium than that found in blood plasma or normal saline.

Generally, the source of the constituent ions is a mixture of sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium lactate (CH3CH(OH)CO2Na), calcium chloride (CaCl2), and potassium chloride (KCl), dissolved into distilled water. Ringer's solution has the same constituents without the sodium lactate, though sometimes it may also include magnesium chloride (MgCl2).

There are slight variations for the composition for Ringer's as supplied by different manufacturers. As such, the term Ringer's lactate should not be equated with one precise formulation.

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Cremaffin Syrup: Uses, Dose , Compositions & Side Effects

Cremaffin Syrup is a laxative and is mostly consumed to relieve constipation. This is why it is often used by older people who have a slow bowel movement or weak bowels. The medicine is manufactured by Abbott and is also used to provide relief in situations such as painful conditions of the rectum, constipation, stomach acid, painful conditions of the anus, increased water retention in intestines, empty bowels before colonoscopy etc.

Uses & Benefits of Cremaffin:

Some of the most common uses of the laxative Cremaffin Syrup that it helps prevents, improve, control, and treat include: 

    Emptying of the bowel before colonoscopy

    Increased water in intestines

    Cremaffin helps in Painful condition of the anus

    Painful conditions of the rectum

     Stomach acid neutralization

     Constipation

     Easier passage of stool 

   Cremaffin helps to Softening the stool

    Smoothening effect on stomach ulcer

    Indigestion and consequent heartburn or angina

    Relieving the pain in and around rectal/anal area

    Soothe stomach ulcers.

    Other than these uses, Cremaffin may also be prescribed by doctors for other purposes        such as cleansing and detox, or for minor operations of the colon.

Side Effects of Cremaffin:

Usually Cremaffin does not cause users to experience any side effects. However, sometimes patients may have hypersensitivity or may overdose, in which situations the possible side effects that one may experience after taking Cremaffin include:

    Abdominal cramps

    Abdominal discomfort

    Abdominal pain

    Appetite loss

    Dizziness

    Fatigue

    Inflammation

    Itching of skin
     Loose motions

    Muscle weakness

    Vomiting

In case, any of these side effects are experienced one must consult a doctor immediately. This is not an exhaustive list as other side effects may also be caused by the drug in specific cases. Severe side effects of Cremaffin are rare but it is advisable to seek medical attention in case one’s condition begins to deteriorate quickly.

Common Dose of Cremaffin:

In order to have the best benefits, Cremaffin laxative should be taken during bedtime with water. Always use a measuring cup for the correct dose. Take the medicine in equal intervals for better results. The medicine can be taken in the morning also but that depends on the condition of the patient which is why one should consult the doctor before using it.

The dosage is prescribed by the doctor based on one’s age and their condition. The most common dosage for adults is 7.5-15 ml and for child is 5-10ml. One should note that it is safe to mix this medicine with ice cream or yogurt to be given to children who might not want to take it otherwise. Don’t give the medicine to the people having the same condition

Missed Dose: If the patient forgot to take a dose then it is advisable to take it as soon as the patient notices. If the time for the next dose is close then skip the missed dose and resume the intake of the medicine as per dosing schedule. Don’t double dose the medicine to make up for the missed dose.

Overdose: Don’t consume the medicine more than prescribed. Taking extra dose may worsen the condition of the patient. If any side effect is experienced, immediately contact a doctor.

Composition and Nature of Cremaffin:

Cremaffin consists of liquid paraffin (1.25 ml), magnesium hydroxide or milk of magnesia (3.75 ml) and sodium picosulfate (3.33 mg) as active ingredients.

Cremaffin is a laxative in nature, and it helps assist bowel movements and softens the stool.

Liquid Paraffin: Also known as mineral oil or liquid petrolatum, liquid paraffin is used as a stool softener. It is also used in a combination with other medicines in skin care products to prevent dry skin. Liquid Paraffin is not recommended in children less than 3 years.

Magnesium Hydroxide: It is an inorganic chemical compound which helps in reducing stomach acid and increases water in the intestines. It is used as a laxative to get relive from constipation. It is also used as an antacid to get relieve from sour stomach, indigestion, and heartburn.

Sodium Picosulfate: It is a stimulant laxative which helps in cleaning the colon as a preparation for colonoscopy or surgery in adults.

      How Cremaffin Works?

Cremaffin works by stimulating the bowel muscles gently, which in turn increases peristalsis that helps, propel bowel contents out of one’s body. The Cremaffin medicine also lubricates and helps soften stool, helping easy passage.

The paraffin present in the formulation also aids the retention of water and fat in the stool. The milk of magnesia present in the formula also has an important role to play; it draws water into the intestine which then helps soften the stool. Sodium picosulfate stimulates the bowels and makes them work faster and effectively.

In addition to this, the Cremaffin helps neutralize stomach acid as well thereby being effective against certain situations of angina, and acid reflux or GERD.

How to use Cremaffin?

The Cremaffin should not be taken on an empty stomach as this can increase the chance of side effects like diarrhea. The instructions on the bottle, or the doctor’s advice should be followed and an overdose should be avoided. Cremaffin missed doses should be taken as soon as the patient is reminded of them, but not if the next scheduled dosage time is less than 12 hours away.

The Cremaffin Syrup is usually prescribed to patients as follows:

Adults: between 7.5 ml to 15 ml

Children below the age of 10 years: between 5 ml to 10 ml

When is Cremaffin prescribed?

Cremaffin is a medicine used for treating constipation, painful conditions of anus and stomach acid. It is a laxative that softens the stools and helps in emptying the bowels.

Constipation: Its ingredient liquid paraffin is effective in treating constipation in both adults and children. It softens and lubricates the stools that help it in passing through the bowel. This relieves constipation by making it easier for the stool to pass.

Softening of stool: The cremaffin goes through the faecal matter and softens the stools. The paraffin accelerates the osmosis and pours more liquid in the stool by making it soft. It activates the nerve fibres within the colon and reduces the pain caused due to hard stools in piles.

Indigestion and heartburn: Indigestion is a sign of an underlying problem like gastroesophageal reflux disease, ulcer rather than a condition on its own. It causes recurrent pain in the upper abdomen. The cremaffin has antacids that help in reducing acidity, heartburn, and indigestion.

Relieves pain in the rectal/anus area : Rectal bleeding is not necessarily serious. It may cause mild bleeding. One may experience few drops of blood in the stool. This is from haemorrhoids or a small scratch from a stool. Sometimes the bleeding may get serious causing blood clots or black stools.

 Precautions and Warning: When to avoid Cremaffin:

Before consuming Cremaffin one must consult a doctor to ensure that this medicine does not interact with any of the other medicines being consumed or if there are pre-existing conditions for which Cremaffin is not recommended.

Individuals with the following conditions must consult a doctor before taking Cremaffin Syrup:

Allergy to the ingredients of the drug

Anorexia

Appendicitis

Blockage of intestines

Breastfeeding women

Diarrhoea

Diverticulitis

Heart problem

Intolerance to fructose or galactose

Punctured bowel

Additionally, it is advisable that one must take the dosage as prescribed by the doctor and avoid excessive use. The drug must also not be used if one has withdrawal symptoms from benzodiazepine or alcohol. It is better to avoid operating heavy machinery or driving after taking Cremaffin as there may be unexpected bowel movement and consequent urgencies.

It must be noted that Cremaffin Syrup may cause hypersensitivity in patients who have the following cases:

Allergic conditions

Are below the age of 10

First trimester of pregnancy

Intestinal obstruction

To ensure the cremaffin Syrup works effectively on the patient, the following steps should be taken:

The dosage of the Cremaffin depends on the age and the condition of the patient. A doctor should be consulted in case a person has any queries, otherwise the instructions on the packaging should be followed.

Cremaffin should be taken with food and not on an empty stomach lest it cause any side effects.

When using Cremaffin, a patient should ensure that they are taking enough fluids to ensure that the medicine can do its job well.

Since the medication can lead to habit formation, it should be used carefully. Prolonged and everyday usage is not recommended since the patient can develop a dependency on the drug.

It is safe for pregnant women and lactating mothers to use this drug.

Suspension form of the cremaffin:

The cremaffin is a laxative that helps in curing constipation for a short period of time by making it easy for the stool to pass. It is used in treating the following conditions like constipation, indigestion and

easing the pain from anus discomfort.

The medicine should not be taken if the patient is suffering has an allergy from any of its components or is suffering from diarrhea, appendicitis and renal dysfunction. Patients should make the limited use of cremaffin as it is an overdose for a long duration can lead to the dependence of the medicine, diarrhea, and fluid imbalance. It should not be used in conditions of intestinal obstruction.

Medicines that should not be taken with Cremaffin

Patient must share with their doctor about their medical history and what all medicines they are taking currently. They must share with the doctor if are using drugs that make them sleepy, like sleeping pills, muscle relaxants, and anti-anxiety drugs. Cremaffin may interact with certain drugs and products, such as:

   Amoxicillin

   Digoxin

   Furosemide 

   Kalexate

   Ketoconazole

    Raltegravir

Taking these medicines along with Cremaffin can influence its therapeutic effect and increase the risk of side-effects. Patients should always consider their doctor before consuming any of these drugs.

Cremaffin Interactions:

A Cremaffin may interact with another medicine over a period of time which can change the desirable effects of the drug. In this way, it can increase the risk of side-effects or render the drug ineffective.

Cremaffin may interact with the following products and drugs:

    Amoxicillin

    Dolutegravir dutrebis

    Doxycycline

    Furosemide

    Kalexate

    Prednisolone

    Raltegravir

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Ranidom-MPS Syrup

Ranidom-MPS is a suspension of Magaldrate and Simethicone. 
It is used to ease too much gas in the stomach and to treat heartburn and upset stomach.

BEFORE You take Ranidom-MPS tell your Doctor ........

If you have an allergy to magaldrate, simethicone, or any other part of magaldrate and simethicone. 

If you are allergic to any drugs like this one, any other drugs, foods, or other substances. Tell your doctor about the allergy and what signs you had, like rash; hives; itching; shortness of breath; wheezing; cough; swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat; or any other signs.

This medicine may interact with other drugs or health problems.

What are some things you need to know or do while I take Ranidom-MPS ?

Tell all of your health care providers that you take magaldrate and simethicone. This includes your doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and dentists.

If you are on a low-magnesium diet, talk with your doctor.

Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan on getting pregnant. You will need to talk about the benefits and risks of using magaldrate and simethicone while you are pregnant.

Tell your doctor if you are breast-feeding. You will need to talk about any risks to your baby.

How is this medicine  best taken?

Use magaldrate and simethicone as ordered by your doctor. Read all information given to you. Follow all instructions closely.

   Take with or without food. 

   Shake well before use. 

   Measure liquid doses carefully. Use the measuring device that comes with magaldrate and simethicone. If there is none, ask the pharmacist for a device to measure magaldrate and simethicone.

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